@KWong , @GuangP
The re-install with internet connected didn't help.
However, the solution was in fact in one of those links you provided earlier. I tried enabling the setting I asked about earlier:
File > Options > Trust Center > Trust Center Settings... >
Enable "Let Office connect to online services from Microsoft to provide functionality that's relevant to your usuage and preferences."
Went to create a "New" project and all the default templates are there:

If I disable it, they go away unless I've already created a project with a template, then a local copy is saved.
Thanks again for your help!